— STUDIES · MMXXVI · NIAGARA

Method studies.
One operation,
run to its end.

A study is a sheet that isolates one operation — one recipe, one band, one alpha sweep, one zoom ladder — and runs it across enough targets that the operation itself is what you read. Less a photograph than a method made visible.

Where the Atlas asks what does this catalogue look like under our recipes, a study asks what does this operation actually do. The two are companions; we publish both.

Horsehead Nebula B33 — 81 recipe variations on one plate
— STUDY 01 · RECIPE MATRIX

One target, eighty-one recipes, one sheet.

Barnard 33 — the Horsehead — run through every named recipe in the false-colour engine. Same FITS sources, same crop, same exposure. The only thing that changes from plate to plate is the recipe id. The differences on the sheet are the recipes themselves, made visible.

When the family of recipes ships an update, this is the sheet that changes most.

81
Recipes
1
Target
B33
FITS source
Fifteen black holes × nine recipe families — recipe matrix
— STUDY 02 · RECIPE MATRIX

Fifteen black holes, nine ways each.

The companion to the Atlas's lead sheet. Fifteen black-hole hosts run through the nine palette families, side by side. The recipe-driven differences in the appearance of the same X-ray emission are what this sheet is for.

Between this sheet and the lead Atlas sheet, the question "what is the X-ray photograph" answers itself in 135 plates.

15
Targets
9
Recipes
135
Plates
Top 10 Chandra X-ray targets across the recipe matrix
— STUDY 03 · RECIPE MATRIX

The ten most-photographed X-ray targets.

The ten objects with the most public Chandra integration time — a working astronomer's working set — run through the photoreal palette family at full resolution. Sgr A*, M87, the Crab, the Bullet Cluster, M82, NGC 1275, the others. Each plate is the deepest image we can build from the public data.

Saved at print resolution. Hand the sheet to the printer with the recipe attached and the print is reproducible.

10
Targets
CHANDRA
Source
PRINT
Resolution
— STUDY 04 · 4D RECONSTRUCTION

Sgr A* in four dimensions.

An ISPR cube of Sagittarius A*, animated on the time axis. The first three dimensions are the standard pseudo-volume — bright core, mid-density envelope, diffuse halo. The fourth is the date.

The flares appear as bright transients in the core. The halo shifts subtly as different epochs of Chandra observation contribute different photons. This is one cube, not many; the time axis is real.

4D
ISPR cube
SGR A*
Target
1999→25
Time range
JWST raw vs STScI canonical release — same data, different recipes
— STUDY 05 · RECIPE COMPARISON

The same data, two different photographs.

A side-by-side: the canonical STScI release of a JWST target on the left, the same target restacked from the raw frames in 1snob AstroRoom on the right. Same FITS inputs. Different recipes, different stretches, different decisions about what to show. Both are honest.

Use this study every time someone asks why two published images of the same object don't look alike. The answer is on the sheet.

JWST
Same source
2
Recipes
REAL
Both
M31 Andromeda — stacked ladder across multiple integration depths
— STUDY 06 · STACKING LADDER

Andromeda, step by stack.

A stacking ladder of M31. Top: a single optical frame. Each step down: another frame added to the stack. The faint outer arms appear progressively. The dust lanes resolve. The point sources stop being noise.

A teaching artefact. The stack is not abstract; you can see it earn its detail.

M31
Target
LADDER
Method
DSS
Source
IC 418 — Spirograph Nebula multiband grid IC 418 — DSS colour stack IC 418 — dust map alone
— STUDY 07 · MULTI-BAND GRID

IC 418 across every band we have.

The Spirograph planetary nebula imaged in optical, near-IR, mid-IR, far-IR, and radio bands — each panel a different survey, each one showing a different layer of the same expanding shell. The hot central star is brightest in UV; the cold dust shell is brightest in far-IR.

This is what fourteen bands buys you. The same object reads as five different physical objects depending on what you look at.

IC 418
Target
5+
Bands
GRID
Layout
Stephan's Quintet — phi-ratio false-colour composite
— STUDY 08 · COMPOSITION RATIO

Stephan's Quintet, phi.

A composition study. The same megastack used in the gallery, recomposed with the band weights driven by the golden ratio (φ ≈ 1.618). The mid-IR contributes the dominant share, then near-IR, then optical, in φ-decreasing fractions.

Whether this is a more honest reading of the data than equal-weight is a matter of taste. The recipe is on the file.

SQ
Target
φ
Weighting
JWST
Source
Stephan's Quintet — invisible-band only render
— STUDY 09 · INVISIBLE BANDS

The same group, without the optical.

The same Stephan's Quintet megastack, rendered using only the bands the human eye cannot see — far-IR, mid-IR, and a single radio overlay. The optical channels are zeroed.

The resulting picture is what your eye would see if it were tuned to longer wavelengths. The bound four are warmer than the impostor. The dust is everything.

SQ
Target
0
Optical bands
3
Invisible bands
M87, Centaurus A, M84 — three black hole hosts side by side
— STUDY 10 · COMPARATIVE TRIPTYCH

M87, Centaurus A, M84.

Three supermassive black hole hosts at a comparable distance, rendered with the same recipe. M87 dominates with its photographed jet; Centaurus A shows the dust-lane scar from a half-billion-year-old merger; M84 sits quietly with its weaker AGN.

The same recipe across three targets reads what the targets actually do. Without the constraint, comparison is impossible.

3
SMBH hosts
1
Recipe
CHANDRA
Source
Top 12 curated mosaic — best plates from the catalogue
— STUDY 11 · CURATED MOSAIC

The room's twelve favourites.

A curated mosaic of the twelve plates that earned a place on the wall this Edition. Hand-picked, not algorithmic. The ones the team kept opening on a Friday afternoon.

A more honest cover image than any single hero shot. Twelve answers to the same question.

12
Plates
CURATED
Selection
Nº 01
Edition
Top 15 targets × 9 styles — recipe explorer matrix
— STUDY 12 · STYLE EXPLORER

Fifteen targets, nine styles.

A recipe-explorer sheet: the fifteen most-rendered targets in the catalogue, each rendered under nine palette family endpoints. The grid is meant to be read horizontally — pick a target, scan how the recipe changes the photograph.

A good way to learn the recipe library. A better way to argue with it.

15
Targets
9
Styles
135
Plates
SM 0313 — the oldest star, 81 recipe variations
— STUDY 13 · RECIPE MATRIX

The oldest star, eighty-one ways.

SM 0313, a metal-poor halo star catalogued as one of the oldest objects in the local universe. Run through the full recipe library to see whether the colour you assign changes the photograph's age.

It does not. The colour assignment is editorial. The age is a measurement. Both are on the file, and one of them was always older.

SM 0313
Target
81
Recipes
13.6 Gyr
Age
Hubble eXtreme Deep Field — iteration 17, refined stack
— STUDY 14 · STACK ITERATION

The XDF, iteration seventeen.

The eXtreme Deep Field, restacked seventeen times under different sigma-clip thresholds. Each iteration removes a different population of artefacts — cosmic rays first, then satellite trails, then faint hot pixels. The seventeenth iteration is where the noise floor stops dropping.

Past iteration 17, the gain from more clipping is smaller than the loss in real signal. The picture you keep is the one from this run.

17
Iterations
XDF
Target
HST
Source
Sagittarius A* — zoom ladder from one degree to one arcsecond
— STUDY 15 · ZOOM LADDER

From one degree to one arcsecond.

A zoom ladder of Sgr A*, from a one-degree wide-field context view down to the half-arcsecond Chandra pixel scale. Five panels, five orders of magnitude in angular scale. Each panel is independently developed; the whole sheet preserves the spatial relationship.

The pipeline station that builds this is 07 / Zoom. It takes about thirty seconds.

5
Scales
5
Orders of magnitude
SGR A*
Target
M42 Orion Nebula — alpha-blend sweep across 12 stops
— STUDY 16 · ALPHA SWEEP

M42 across twelve alpha stops.

An alpha-sweep on the Orion Nebula. Two layers — a deep narrowband H-α and a medium-band optical — blended across twelve alpha values from 0.0 to 1.0. The trapezium cluster reads brighter as alpha rises; the diffuse nebulosity reads brighter as it falls.

A study for the moment when the recipe is the alpha. There is no right answer; there is a setting that matches the question.

M42
Target
12
Alpha stops
SWEEP
Method
Bubble Nebula — emission shell hunt across narrowband filters
— STUDY 17 · STRUCTURE HUNT

Hunting shells in the Bubble.

The Bubble Nebula — a stellar-wind blown shell around BD+60°2522 — imaged across the four narrowband filters that resolve its structure: H-α, [O III], [N II], and [S II]. Each filter shows a different layer; together they trace the shock front from the inside out.

A structure-hunting study. The point is not the picture; the point is the ionisation map.

BUBBLE
Target
4
Narrowbands
SHELL
Structure
— STUDY 19 · PROCESS

The render,
caught mid-frame.

7 capture sequences
April MMXXVI

Seven short capture sequences from the room, taken while the pipeline was working. The frames you see are not the final plates — they are intermediate steps. Stacking. Reprojection. Recipe assignment. Useful as a window into what the software is doing while the timer counts down.

Process capture 01 — pipeline mid-render
Capture 01— 19a
Process capture 02 — pipeline mid-render
Capture 02— 19b
Process capture 03 — pipeline mid-render
Capture 03— 19c
Process capture 04 — pipeline mid-render
Capture 04— 19d
Process capture 05 — pipeline mid-render
Capture 05— 19e
Process capture 06 — pipeline mid-render
Capture 06— 19f
Process capture 07 — pipeline mid-render
Capture 07— 19g
— STUDY 18 · MILKY WAY PANORAMA · 360°

The home plane, in one sweep.

A three hundred and sixty degree mosaic of the galactic plane, stacked from public optical surveys and rendered in a single curve. The brightest patch in the centre is the bulge; the dust band is real; the colour assignment is the mid-IR survey reading as warmth.

Milky Way 360° panorama — galactic plane mosaic
— SOURCE: composited from public DSS + 2MASS + WISE surveys · 360° equirectangular projection

A study is the place we put the operation, isolated, so the next person can argue with us about it. This is what reproducibility looks like — not a number, but a sheet you can re-derive.

See the Atlas Collection → Read about the audit trail Open the gallery